Pharmacological properties Tobramycin Eye Drops:
Tobramycin Eye Drops – the aminoglycoside antibiotic, which acts as a Gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Bactericidal action by inhibition of the complex of polypeptides and synthesis in the ribosomes of bacteria.
Tobramycin action described in vitro by determining the minimum concentration of the oppressor (KMC), which measures the activity of the antibiotic on each type of bacteria. Since KMC Tobramycin is very low relative to most ocular pathogens, it is considered broad-spectrum antibiotic. Were established critical values Municipal determining sensitivity or resistance of the bacterial culture to a specific antibiotic. Exists a critical value for Municipal Tobramycin on individual species of bacteria into account the sensitivity of species, as well as the maximum concentration and the pharmacokinetic significance of the concentration – time measured in serum after oral administration. Identifying these critical values separating the microorganisms on sensitive and resistant, used in determining the clinical effectiveness of antibiotics that are used systemically. However, when applied topically in high concentrations of antibiotic directly to the site of infection determine the critical values is already irrelevant. Most microorganisms that could be classified as resistant by determining the critical values for system application, in fact, respond well to topical treatment.
In clinical studies pp Tobramycin, which has been used topically, has shown efficacy against many strains of existing pathogens of eye patients in the study. It is believed that some of these ocular pathogens are resistant, based on the determination of critical values for systemic use. During clinical studies have demonstrated that Tobramycin is effective against such pathogens in surface infections of the eye:
- Gram-positive bacteria: Staphylococcus aureus (methicillin-sensitive or-resistant *); Staphylococcus epidermidis (methicillin-sensitive or-resistant *), other coagulase types of Staphylococcus; Streptococcus pneumoniae (sensitive or resistant to benzylpenicillin *), and other types of Streptococcus.
- The phenotype of resistance to lactam antibiotics (ie, methicillin, benzylpenicillin) is not associated with a phenotype of aminoglycoside resistance, and the two are not related to the virulence phenotypes and pathogenic microorganisms. Revealed that the majority of staphylococci resistant to methicillin, are resistant to Tobramycin (and other aminoglycoside antibiotics). However, these resistant staph culture (as defined by critical values MUK) usually respond well to treatment Tobramycin, which is used topically.
- Gram-negative bacteria: Acinetobacter spp., Citrobacter spp., Enterobacter spp., Escherichia coli, Haemophilus influenzae, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Moraxella spp., Proteus mirabilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Serratia marcescens.
Systemic absorption after local Tobramycin ophthalmic use is very low.
INDICATIONS Tobramycin Eye Drops:
superficial bacterial infections of the eye such as conjunctivitis caused by susceptible or sensitive to Tobramycin suspended microorganisms.
APPLICATION Tobramycin Eye Drops:
bury Tobrex 1 drop in the conjunctival sac (ki) of the affected eye (s), 2 times a day (morning and evening) for 7 ± 1 days. In acute diseases bury 4 times the first day, then 1 drop in each eye two times a day until the end of the treatment period, which is 7 ± 1 day.
No need for dose adjustment in elderly patients.
Tobrex can be used in children under the age of 1 year in the same dose as in adults. However, information regarding use of the drug in pediatric patients is limited.
Application of human liver and kidney. Systemic absorption after local Tobramycin ophthalmic use is very low. When concomitant therapy with systemic aminoglycoside antibiotics need to monitor serum levels to maintain the desired therapeutic effect.
CONTRAINDICATIONS Tobramycin Eye Drops:
Hypersensitivity to Tobramycin or any component of the drug.
SIDE EFFECTS Tobramycin Eye Drops:
in clinical trials there were no reports of serious ocular or systemic side effects associated with use of the drug Tobramycin. The most common side effects associated with use of the drug, had symptoms of ocular allergic reaction which included itching, congestion and watery eyes. Each of these reactions occurred in 1.5% of patients.
In clinical studies the drug Tobrex were reported the following side effects, which are assessed as certainly, probably or possibly related to treatment. Their appearance was either frequent (1.5%) or low (0.7%).
On the part of the vision: frequent – itching, eye redness, tearing. Single – eye allergies, eye discharge, discomfort in the eyes, conjunctival edema, swelling, erythema and dysfunction of age.
Systemic effects: there were no reports of systemic side effects associated with the use of eye drops Tobramycin in clinical studies.
SPECIAL INSTRUCTIONS Tobramycin Eye Drops:
intended for topical ophthalmic use. No information about the drug in children under the age of 1 year. Some patients may receive sensitivity to aminoglycosides when applied topically. In the event of serious adverse reactions or hypersensitivity reactions must discontinue using the product.
As with other antibiotics, prolonged use of Tobramycin can lead to excessive growth of non-susceptible organisms, including fungi. In the event of superinfection should be assigned to appropriate therapy.
To prevent contamination of the tip of the dropper and Valium, you need to keep careful not to touch the eyelids, surrounding areas or other surfaces of the tip of the dropper bottle. Keep the bottle tightly closed after use.
No experience with the drug Tobrex in persons using contact lenses. Since the preservative benzododetsiniya bromide may be absorbed by soft contact lenses are not recommended for use during Tobramycin wearing them. You have to wait 10-15 minutes after instillation of Tobramycin, before inserting contact lenses.
As in the case of other eye drops, temporary blurred vision or other visual disturbances may affect the ability to drive and work with dangerous machinery. If blurred vision occurs during the instillation, the patient must wait until the vision is yet clarified, before proceeding to the specified types of work.
Clinical experience with Tobramycin in pregnancy is limited. Systemic treatment with aminoglycosides affects the auditory nerve leading to deafness. As a local application Tobrex systemic absorption is low, the risk is considered insignificant, but when using the drug during pregnancy should take into account the above.
In the systemic treatment of Tobramycin passes into breast milk in amounts that represents the risk of negative impact on the child. When applied topically Tobramycin systemic absorption is low, so the risk is considered insignificant, but it is necessary to consider the appointment of the drug to women breast-feeding.
Interactions Tobramycin Eye Drops:
Clinical studies on the interaction of Tobramycin with other drugs have been conducted. In the case of concomitant therapy with other local ophthalmic preparations to withstand a range of 5-10 minutes between applying them.
OVERDOSAGE Tobramycin Eye Drops:
overdose is unlikely due to the small capacity of conjunctival sac. Tobramycin absorption in swallowing is almost zero, so the toxic effects after accidental ingestion are not expected.
